Salmon Shark Migration

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Salmon Shark Migration

The primary objectives of the Alaska Shark Assessment Program is to understand the increase of sharks in the northeast Pacific, and what the increased shark population means for Alaska marine ecosystems. The reasons for these increases may be:

1. An ocean climate regime shift characterized by warmer ocean temperatures beginning in the late 1970's.
2. The ocean climate regime shift triggered a >250% increase in biomass of high trophic level groundfish (codfishes (Gadidae) and flatfish (Pleuronectidae)) which are important salmon shark prey.
3. North Pacific wild and hatchery salmon production increases following the ocean climate shift.
4. A moratorium on large-scale pelagic driftnet fisheries in the North Pacific in 1992 eliminated an important source of juvenile salmon shark removals on the high seas. Some other factor or a combination of factors may have influenced the increased shark population.

To help understand the increased shark populations we investigated the movements of salmon sharks in the Pacific. We wanted to learn if salmon shark movements and seasonal residency in these waters is related to their high energy demands. We also wanted to determine if salmon sharks could exert a high predation rate in the Gulf of Alaska ecosystem.

Surface aggregations of salmon sharks, sometimes numbering in the thousands in a single bay, were frequently observed during summer. These shark aggregations were associated with pre-spawning migrations of Pacific salmon in Prince William Sound. We wanted to determine if the salmon shark residency in near-shore Gulf of Alaska waters was seasonal, tied to summer salmon spawning aggregations, or do they reside in Alaska waters during winter months as well? To address this question, a salmon shark tagging effort was initiated in 1999. About 230 sharks were tagged with conventional spaghetti (FLOY) tags and released. Only one of these sharks has been recaptured.

The Alaska Shark Assessment Program sometimes hosted others interested in sharks. The figure to the right is of a British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) crew filming a salmon shark captured in the research vessel's net. After the filming, the shark was brought aboard the research vessel, measured and tagged, then released.

The research team deployed 18 satellite-linked tags on salmon sharks in Prince William Sound. Three PAT tags were deployed in 1999, 3 KiwiSat 101 tags were deployed in 2000, and 3 SPOT2 and 8 PAT tags were deployed in 2001.

The KiwiSat and SPOT2 are analogous tags that we bolted through the sharks' dorsal fin and transmit when the tag breaks the water's surface. These tags are referred to as position-only tags. Position is calculated by the Argos satellite system based on Doppler shift. The SPOT2 additionally transmits "time-at-temperature" histograms that report the relative time the study animal spent within user-defined temperature ranges during the time interval prior to transmission (we set this time interval at 12 hours). PAT tags are externally fastened by a tether with a stainless steel dart near the base of the first dorsal fin and are pre-programmed to detach and float to the surface on a specific date. Data on depth, temperature, and location were stored on the PAT tags and transmitted back to the lab via satellite after pop-up.

Satellite tags successfully transmitted salmon shark locations, yielding many locations

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